Advanced Engineering

1.Nanotechnology:-

Nanotechnology is comprised of design and manufacturing of devices that are made from atoms. This is a very new field that involves computer science, physics, chemistry and biology. The ultimate goal of nanotechnology is to build microscopic computer systems at molecular or atomic scale. Such a computer might be constructed from fullerenes or diamonoids.

The presumption of nanotechnology is the capability of manipulating individual molecules and atoms. This has been the major difficulty in nanotechnology and has produced substantial skepticism over the practicability of nanotechnology. However, recent progresses in theoretical and laboratory chemistry provided considerable evidence for the possibility of manipulation of individual molecules and atoms needed for building systems at a microscopic scale. For example, Han, Globus, Jaffe and Deardorff proposed molecular gears fashioned from carbon nanotubes with teeth added via a benzyne reaction.

2.Biomolecular Computation:-

Bio-molecular computation is the use of biological mechanisms and structures to perform computation. It is inter-disciplinary by nature, lying in the interface between biochemistry and computer science. Robotics also may play a key role as well. See the survey on BMC by Reif And see discussion below of DNA motors, DNA self-assembly, and use of MEMS for BMC automation. We discuss a number of distinct methods for BMC. All these methods use biotechnology techniques to do computation or processing at the molecular scale.

Huge Memories:- BMC has the potential to provide huge memories. Each individual strand of DNA can encode binary information. A small volume can contain a vast number of molecules. DNA in weak solution in one liter of water can encode 107 to 108 tera-bytes, and we can perform massively parallel associative searches on these memories.

Massively Parallel Machines.

BMC also has the potential to supply massive computational power. General use of BMC is to construct parallel machines where each processor's state is encoded by a DNA strand. These recombinant DNA operations may be performed to execute massively parallel local memory read/write, logical operations and also further basic operations on words such as parallel arithmetic. DNA in weak solution in one liter of water can encode the state of about 1018 processors, and since certain recombinant DNA operations can take many minutes, the overall potential for a massively parallel BMC machines is about 1,000 tera-ops.

3.In-Depth Communication:-

• Raytheon has developed a technology that makes it possible to communicate with a submerged submarine at classified speeds and depths in real time.
• The defence technology specialist demonstrated the new technology, called Deep Siren Tactical Paging (DSTP), for the UK's Royal Navy at an at-sea trial.
• The Ministry of Defence (MoD) reported that the Deep Siren system demonstrated ‘the first step toward a transformational capability that will change the way we operate submarines in the future’.
• Raytheon claims national security interests require submarines to be fully interoperable with joint and coalition forces, but technical challenges have prevented this in the past. The company said DSTP overcomes this communication shortfall by giving operational commanders the ability to contact a submarine in real time, regardless of the submarine’s speed or depth.
• The evaluation, which took place during the UK Royal Navy's TAURUS 09 deployment, follows US Navy testing conducted in 2008 that culminated with a successful military utility assessment.
• Raytheon is also currently working on airborne certification of Deep Siren, which will allow the system's buoys to be deployed via aircraft.
• The Deep Siren system is a vital command and control communications link that provides never-before available capability,’ said Jerry Powlen, vice-president of Raytheon’s network centric systems integrated communications systems. ‘This system once again demonstrated its utility and reliability, proving that we are ready to move forward with production.’
• Raytheon claims the trial validated that DSTP system buoys can be used to communicate with submarines at underwater at ranges greater than 100 nautical miles (185km). The trial also reportedly demonstrated that Deep Siren can accelerate the process to communicate with a submarine by passing tactical messages between a commander and submarine in real time.
• The Royal Navy used Deep Siren to share contact information with a submarine, providing positions for both friendly and enemy forces.